Топик по английскому: Microsoft: Monopoly or Great Bussinessmen?

Microsoft: Monopoly or Great Bussinessmen?

Since 1990, a battle has raged in United States courts between the United States government and the Microsoft Corporation headed by Bill Gates. What is at stake is money. The federal government maintains that Microsoft’s monopolistic practices are harmful to United States citizens, creating higher prices and potentially downgrading software quality, and should therefore be stopped, while Microsoft and its supporters claim that they are not breaking any laws, and are just doing good business. The only thing Microsoft is guilty of is taking advantage of free enterprise.

Microsoft’s antitrust problems began for them in the early months of 1990(Check 1), when the Federal Trade Commission began investigating them for possible violations of the Sherman and Clayton Antitrust Acts, (Maldoom 1) which are designed to stop the formation of monopolies. The investigation continued on for the next three years without resolve, until Novell, maker of DR-DOS, a competitor of Microsoft’s MS-DOS, filed a complaint with the Competition Directorate of the European Commission in June of 1993. (Maldoom 1) Doing this stalled the investigations even more, until finally in August of 1993, (Check 1) the Federal Trade Commission decided to hand the case over to the Department of Justice. The Department of Justice moved quickly, with Anne K. Bingaman, head of the Antitrust Division of the DOJ, leading the way. (Check 1) The case was finally ended on July 15, 1994, with Microsoft signing a consent settlement. (Check 1)

The settlement focused on Microsoft’s selling practices with computer manufacturers. Until now, Microsoft would sell MS-DOS and Microsoft’s other operating systems to original equipment manufacturers (OEM’s) at a 60% discount if that OEM agreed to pay a royalty to Microsoft for every single computer that they sold regardless if it had a Microsoft operating system installed on it or not. After the settlement, Microsoft would be forced to sell their operating systems according to the number of computers shipped with a Microsoft operating system installed, and not for computers that ran other operating systems. (Check 2)

Another practice that the Justice Department accused Microsoft of was that Microsoft would specify a minimum number of operating systems that the retailer had to buy, eliminating any chance for another operating system vendor to get their system installed until the retailer had installed all of the Microsoft operating systems that it had installed. (Maldoom 2)

In addition to specifying a minimum number of operating systems that a vendor had to buy, Microsoft also would sign contracts with the vendors for long periods of time such as two or three years. In order for a new operating system to gain popularity, it would have to do so quickly, in order to show potential buyers that it was worth something. With Microsoft signing long-term contracts, they eliminated the chance for a new operating system to gain the popularity needed, quickly. (Maldoom 2)

Probably the second most controversial issue was Microsoft’s practice of tying. Tying was a practice in which Microsoft would use their leverage in one market area, such as graphical user interfaces (GUIs), to gain leverage in another market, such as operating systems, where they may have competition. (Maldoom 2) In that example, Microsoft would use their graphical user interface, Windows, to sell their operating system, DOS, by offering discounts to manufacturers that purchased both MS-DOS and Windows, and threatening to not sell Windows to companies who did not also purchase DOS.

In the end, Microsoft decided to suck it up and sign the settlement agreement. In signing the agreement, Microsoft did not actually have to admit to any of the alleged charges, but were able to escape any type of formal punishment such as fines and other criminal punishments.

The settlement that Microsoft agreed to prohibits it, for the next six and a half years from: Charging for its operating system on the basis of computer shipped rather than on copies of MS-DOS shipped; Imposing minimum quantity commitments on manufacturers; Signing contracts for greater than one year; Tying the sale of MS_DOS to the sale of other Microsoft products;(Maldoom 1)

Although these penalties look to put an end to all of Microsoft’s monopolistic practices, some people think that they are not harsh enough and that Microsoft should have been split up to put a stop to any chance of them forming a true monopoly of the operating system (OS) and of the entire software market.

Jesse Berst, editorial director of Windows Watcher newsletter out of Redmond, Washington (hometown of Microsoft World Headquarters), and the executive director of the Windows Solutions Conference, says it best with this statement: «To use a railroad analogy, Microsoft builds the tracks on which the rest of the industry ships its products.» With Microsoft creating the standards for the rest of the computer industry, they are able to create better standards and build them much faster than if an outside organization or committee were to create them. With these standards set, other companies are able to create their applications and other products that much faster, and better, and thus the customers receive that much better of a product. («Why Microsoft (Mostly) Shouldn’t Be Stopped.»4)

Take for instance the current effort to develop the Digital Video Disc (DVD) standard. DVD’s are compact discs that are capable of storing 4900 megabytes of information as apposed to the 650 megabytes that can be stored on a CD-ROM disc now. (Webster’s Pocket Computer Reference, 66)

For this reason, DVD’s have enormous possibilities in both the computer industry and in the movie industry. For about the last year, companies such as Sony, Mitsubishi, and other prominent electronics manufacturers have been trying to decide on a set of standards for the DVD format. Unfortunately, these standards meetings have gone nowhere, and subsequently, many of the companies have broken off in different directions, trying to develop their own standards. In the end, there won’t be one, definite standard, but instead, many standards, all of which are very different from one another. Consumers will be forced to make a decision on which standard to choose, and if they pick the wrong one, they could be stuck down the road with a DVD player that is worthless. Had only one company set the standards, much like Microsoft has in the software business, there wouldn’t be the confusion that arose, and the consumers could sit back and relax, knowing that the DVD format is secure and won’t be changed. (DVD Standardizing)

Another conclusion that many anti-Microsoft people and other people around the world jump to is that the moment that we have a company, such as Microsoft, who is very successful, they immediately think that there must be something wrong; they have to be doing something illegal or immoral to have become this immense. This is not always the case.

Contrary to popular belief, Microsoft has not gained its enormous popularity through monopolistic and illegal measures, but instead through superior products. I feel that people do have brains, and therefore have the capacity to make rational decisions based on what they think is right. If people didn’t like the Microsoft operating systems, there are about a hundred other choices for operating systems, all of which have the ability to replace Microsoft if the people wanted them. But they don’t, the people for the most part want Microsoft operating systems. For this reason. Microsoft simply created products that the people liked, and the people bought them.

On the other side of the issue, are the people who believe that Microsoft is indeed operating in a monopolistic manner and therefore, the government should intervene and split Microsoft up. Those who are under the assumption that Microsoft should indeed be split up, believe that they should either be split into two separate companies: one dealing with operating systems and the other dealing strictly with applications. The other group believes that the government should further split Microsoft up into three divisions: one company to create operating systems, one company to create office applications, and one company to create applications for the home. All of these people agree that Microsoft should be split up, anyway possible. (Microsoft Division Poll)

The first thing that proponents of Microsoft being split up argue that although Microsoft has created all kinds of standards for the computer software industry, in today’s world, we don’t necessarily need standards. Competing technologies can coexist in today’s society, without the need for standards set by an external body or by a lone company such as Microsoft. A good analogy for this position is given in the paper, «A Case Against Microsoft: Myth Number 4.» In this article, the author states that people who think that we need such standards, give the example of the home video cassette industry of the late 1970’s. He says that these people point out that in the battle between the VHS and Beta video formats, VHS won not because it was a superior product, but because it was more successfully marketed. He then goes to point out that buying an operating system for a computer is nothing at all like purchasing a VCR, because the operating system of a computer defines that computer’s personality, whereas a VCR’s only function is to play movies, and both VHS and Beta do the job equally.

Also, with the development of camcorders, there have been the introduction of many new formats for video tapes that are all being used at once. VHS-C, S-VHS and 8mm formats all are coexisting together in the camcorder market, showing that maybe in our society today, we are not in need of one standard. Maybe we can get along just as well with more than one standard. Along the same lines, there are quite a few other industries that can get along without one standard. Take for instance the automobile industry. If you accepted the idea that one standard was best for everyone involved, then you would never be tempted to purchase a BMW, Lexus, Infiniti, Saab or Porsche automobile, due to the fact that these cars all have less than one percent market share in the automobile industry and therefore will never be standards.

Probably the biggest proponent of government intervention into the Microsoft issue is Netscape Communications, based out of Mountain View, California. Netscape has filed lawsuits accusing Microsoft of tying again. («Netscape’s Complaint against Microsoft.» 2) This time, Microsoft is bundling their World Wide Web browser, Internet Explorer 3.0 into their operating system, Windows 95. Netscape is the maker of Netscape Navigator, currently the most widely used Internet browser on the market, and now, facing some fierce competition from Microsoft’s Internet Explorer. Netscape says that in addition to bundling the browser, Microsoft was offering Windows at a discount to original equipment manufacturers (OEM’s), («Netscape’s Complaint against Microsoft.» 2) to feature Internet Explorer on the desktop of the computers that they shipped, thus eliminating any competition for space on the desktop by rival companies such as Netscape.

If the OEM wants to give the consumer a fair and even choice of browsers by placing competitors’ browser icons in a comparable place on the desktop, Netscape has been informed that the OEM must pay $3 more for Windows 95 than an OEM that takes the Windows bundle as is and agrees to make the competitors’ browsers far less accessible and useful to customers. («Netscape’s Complaint against Microsoft.» 2) Another accusation that Netscape is making against Microsoft is that they are doing the same type of things with the large Internet service providers of the nation. They are offering the large internet providers of the nation, such as Netcom and AT&T, space on the Windows 95 desktop, in return for the internet provider’s consent that they will not offer Netscape Navigator, or any other competing internet software to their customers. («Netscape’s Complaint against Microsoft.» 3)

Netscape is becoming ever more concerned with Microsoft’s practices, because for now, they are going untouched by the government and it looks as if it will stay that way for quite some time now. They are very much worried, as they watch the numbers of users switching to Microsoft’s browser, and the number of users using Navigator slipping.

Besides all of the accusations of monopolistic actions Netscape lay down on them, Microsoft does seem to have one advantage when it comes to the browser wars. Their new browser, version 3.0, matches Netscape’s feature for feature, with one added plus: it is free and Microsoft says that it always free. So is their Internet server, Internet Information Server. Whereas Netscape charges $50 and $1500 for their browser and their web server, respectively. («Netscape’s Complaint against Microsoft.» 3)

With all the information that has been presented for both sides of the issue, you are probably left in a daze, not knowing what to think. Is Microsoft good? Or is Microsoft bad? Well, the answer is a little bit of both. One would agree prices are a little but of outrageous for most Microsoft products, but these high prices are caused more by the publics interest in the best than the company’s tactics of selling them to computer manufacturers.

Works Cited

Check, Dan. «The Case Against Microsoft». 1-5. Maldoom, Daniel. «The Microsoft Antitrust Case.», 1-5. Maney, Kevin. Megamedia Shakeout. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1995. «Monopolies in Cyberspace.» The Economist. 1-2. «Myth of Standards.» Boycott Microsoft. World Wide Web. 1-2. Poole, Robert W., Jr. Unnatural Monopolies. Lexington, Massachusetts: D. C. Heath and Company, 1985. Rosenoer, Jonathan. «Cyberlaw: Withholding Consent.» Cyberlaw. 1-3. Schmidt, Eric. «The Struggle for Bill Gates’s Soul.» US News and World Report. Nov. 25, 1996: 69-71. «Sony Attempts to Standardise DVDs»Sony Corp Stross, Randall. «Heaven’s Gates.» US News and World Report. Nov. 25, 1996: 58-68. Websters Pocket Computer Reference, 66 «Why Microsoft (Mostly) Shouldn’t Be Stopped.» Antitrust. org. 1-19.